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Balanced & Unbalanced Forces

Have you ever pushed a heavy object like a couch or a refrigerator? To get the fridge to move you must apply enough force to overcome the tug of gravity that is pulling it toward the floor. This is because the forces on the object are in balance. When forces on an object are in […]

Gravity, Matter, & Weight

Have you ever stood on a scale to see how much you weigh? Weight is a measure of how heavy something is. It is affected by the Earth or any other planet that pulls on objects due to their gravity. The more matter an object has, the stronger gravity will pull on it, and as […]

Everything In The Universe Is Made of Matter

Have you ever stopped to think about what everything in the universe is made of? Well, everything in the universe is made of something called matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. That means everything you can touch and see, like your toys, books, and even the air you breathe, is […]

How Heat Affects Substances

Have you ever touched a hot pan on the stove or felt the warmth of the sun on your face? These are examples of heat. Heat is a type of energy that makes things feel warm or hot. Heat travels from objects or substances that are hot to objects or substances that are cold. Heat […]

Animals Generally Come In Two Genders

Did you know that most animals have two different types of individuals – male and female? These two different types of animals are called genders. Gender is an important part of who animals are and how they behave. Male and female animals are different in many ways. For example, male birds are often more colorful […]

They Phylum Chordata

The Phylum Chordata is a group of animals that have a backbone or a notochord. This means they have a long, flexible rod-like structure running the length of their body that provides support and helps protect their spinal cord. Another word for chordates is vertebrates. Chordates can be found in many different shapes and sizes, […]

Vertebrates & Invertebrates

Vertebrates and Invertebrates are two types of animals. They are different from each other in many ways. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone or spinal column. This helps to protect their delicate spinal cord and provides support for their bodies. Vertebrates are divided into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Fish are […]

Acquired & Inherited Traits

Traits are special qualities or characteristics that make us who we are. There are two types of traits: acquired traits and inherited traits. Inherited traits are traits that are passed down from our parents to us. These traits are determined by our genes, which are like tiny instructions inside our cells. Our genes tell our […]

The Stages of Life

All living things go through stages in their life. It’s like a big adventure, but it happens over a long time. Every living thing starts from birth, grows, reproduces, and then dies. It’s a cycle that happens to everything from tiny insects to big animals like elephants. Let’s explore the stages of life a little […]

The Cells In Our Bodies Combine To Form Organs And Organ Systems

Our bodies are made up of tiny things called cells. Cells are like tiny building blocks that come together to make us whole. Just like how lego pieces can come together to make a castle, our cells come together to make our bodies! Cells are so small that you can’t even see them with your […]

My Body Is Made Out of Cells

Did you know that our bodies are made up of tiny living things called cells? That’s right, just like how a building is made up of bricks, our bodies are made up of trillions of cells! Cells are like tiny bricks, and each one is important to keeping us healthy and working properly. They have […]

Our Body Parts Allow Us To Thrive

The human body is made up of many different parts, and each one plays an important role in helping us stay alive and healthy. Let’s look at some of the most important parts of the body and how they help us: Hands: Our hands are incredibly useful because they help us do all sorts of […]

Weather And Seasons

Weather is what we see and feel outside every day. It can be sunny, rainy, windy, or snowy. The weather is always changing, and sometimes it can be different in different places. The seasons have an effect on the weather. There are four seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter. Each season has different weather. In […]

Engineers Design Structures To Be Weatherproof

Engineers have an important job! They build things like buildings, bridges, and roads that we use every day. But when they build these things, they have to make sure they are safe and strong. And one of the things they have to think about is the weather. Why do they need to think about the […]

What Is Climate?

Climate is the pattern of weather that a place experiences over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more. This pattern includes average temperatures, rainfall, and wind patterns. Weather, on the other hand, is the short-term condition of the atmosphere in a specific place at a specific time. It includes things like today’s […]

Engineers Have To Account For The Weather

Climate is the long-term pattern of weather that a place experiences over a period of time, usually 30 years or more. This includes things like average temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns. Engineers are people who design and build things like homes, bridges, and other structures. They have to take into consideration the climate of an […]

Why This Teacher Left Public Education, What I’ve Learned About Homeschooling

It was one year ago this week, during the Christmas break, that I left my position as a middle school science teacher after spending a decade working faithfully in the system. During my tenure I was selected as teacher of the year, science department chair of the year for the entire state of Utah, and […]

Sharks

Sharks are a group of predatory fish that have been around for over 400 million years. These fascinating creatures are found in oceans around the world, and they are known for their streamlined bodies, sharp teeth, and powerful jaws. There are over 500 species of sharks, and they come in a wide range of sizes, […]

The Cretaceous Period

The Cretaceous period was the final of the three major dinosaur eras, and it lasted from approximately 145 to 66 million years ago. During this time, the Earth’s climate was warm and humid, and the continents were fully separated. The Cretaceous period saw the evolution of many advanced and specialized dinosaur species, such as the […]

The Jurassic Period

The Jurassic period was the second of the three major dinosaur eras, and it lasted from approximately 201 to 145 million years ago. During this time, the Earth’s climate was warmer and more humid, and the continents were starting to drift apart. The Jurassic period saw the rise of many large and impressive dinosaur species, […]

The Triassic Period

The Triassic period was the first of the three major dinosaur eras, and it lasted from approximately 252 to 201 million years ago. During this time, the Earth’s climate was hot and dry, and the continents were much closer together than they are today. The Triassic period saw the rise of the first dinosaurs, as […]

The Three Dinosaur Eras

Dinosaurs lived on Earth for approximately 165 million years, and during this time, they evolved and adapted to changing environments and conditions. The history of dinosaurs can be divided into three major eras: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. Each of these eras was characterized by unique features and characteristics that set it apart from […]

Birds & Dinosaurs Share Many Traits

Dinosaurs and birds are closely related, and many scientists believe that birds are actually the descendants of dinosaurs. This theory is supported by a number of scientific discoveries and evidence, which suggest that birds evolved from small, feathered dinosaurs during the Late Jurassic period. One of the key pieces of evidence that supports the idea […]

Argentinosaurus

Argentinosaurus is a type of sauropod dinosaur that lived approximately 95 to 100 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. It is considered to be one of the largest land animals that has ever lived, with some estimates suggesting that it could have reached lengths of up to 110 feet (33.5 meters) and weighed […]

Pulsars

Pulsars are some of the most fascinating objects in the universe. These spinning neutron stars emit intense beams of electromagnetic radiation, which can be detected on Earth as regular pulses of radio waves or light. Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of massive stars that have gone supernova. These stars are incredibly dense, with a […]

Why Do Stars Explode? The Anatomy of A Supernova

A supernova is a powerful explosion that occurs at the end of a star’s life. These explosions are so bright that they can outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period of time, and they are responsible for releasing huge amounts of energy and matter into the universe. There are several different types of supernovae, […]

Snowflake Formation

Snowflakes are delicate and intricate crystals of ice that form in the Earth’s atmosphere. These beautiful snowflakes are a type of precipitation, which means that they form from water vapor that condenses and freezes in the air. The process of snowflake formation begins when water vapor in the air cools and condenses into tiny water […]

Why Are The Tropics Warm? Why Are The Poles Cold?

The poles are cold and the tropics are warm because of the way the Earth’s orbit around the sun and the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects the amount of sunlight different parts of the Earth receive. The Earth orbits, or travels around, the sun in a path that is shaped like an oval. As […]

What Causes The Seasons?

The seasons are caused by the Earth’s orbit around the sun and the tilt of the Earth’s axis. The Earth orbits, or travels around, the sun in a path that is shaped like an oval. It takes about 365.24 days for the Earth to make one complete orbit around the sun. As the Earth orbits […]

What Causes Day & Night?

Day and night are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis. The Earth rotates, or spins, on an imaginary line that runs through the North Pole and South Pole. It takes about 24 hours for the Earth to make one complete rotation. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the Earth are exposed to […]


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